9 min read
JWT decoding versus verification: what the result actually proves
Learn why readable JWT claims are not trustworthy until the signature, algorithm, issuer, audience and time rules are verified in the correct security context.
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Identity and security
Clear distinctions between decoding, hashing, authentication and verification for safer incident and identity troubleshooting.
8 min read
Understanding JWT exp, nbf and iat time claims
Convert JWT NumericDate values correctly and diagnose expiry, not-before and issued-at failures without confusing time zones or clock skew.
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SHA-256 versus HMAC: integrity, authentication and common mistakes
Understand why a plain hash cannot authenticate a message and how HMAC combines a secret key with a hash for integrity and origin checks.
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